Industrial Revolution/Nationalism/Imperialism

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1.	Industrial Revolution	movement in the 1800s that began in England; Machines replaced hand work
2.	Enclosure	farmers in England in the 18th century began "enclosing their farms" to experiment with crops and animals
3.	Crop rotation	rotating crops to better land; resulted in larger harvest in the 1800s
4.	Entrepreneur	person who begins a business
5.	cotton gin	invented by Eli Whitney; made slavery an institution in American Southeast
6.	Union	group of workers in the same industry that unite to push for higher pay and better working conditions
7.	Factory Act of 1833	first law to protect child workers in England
8.	Mines Act of 1842	piece of legislation passed in Great Britain in 1842 which was a response to the dangerous working conditions revealed in a Royal Commission report, set up by Sir Robert Peel
9.	Laissez-faire government	belief that the government should not interfere in private business practices
10.	water frame	patented by Richard Arkwright; spinning frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns; the first powered, automatic, continuous textile machine; enabled move away from home manufacturing towards factory production of textiles
11.	Spinning Jenny	invented c 1764 by James Hargreaves; reduced amount of work needed to produce yarn; worker could produce eight or more spools at once
12.	John Kay	patented a flying shuttle that increased the speed of the weaving process (1733)
13.	Eli Whitney	inventor of the Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts
14.	James Watt	made improvements to the steam engine
15.	George Stephenson	English civil engineer and mechanical engineer, built first public railway line to use steam locomotives; Father of Railways
16.	Samuel Slater	early American industrialist known as "Father of American Industrial Revolution" or "Father of American Factory System"
17.	Bourgeoisie	upper middle class consisting of professionals and industrialists
18.	Boxer Rebellion	Chinese revolt against western influence and presence; finally put down but not until the deaths of many Europeans within China
19.	colonization	act or process of establishing a colony or colonies
20.	communism	political and economic policy that supports no private property with all assets to be owned by the people as a group
21.	suffrage	the right to vote
22.	realism	movement which promotes looking at the world as it really exists
23.	dual monarchy	government of Austria-Hungary where the emperor was recognized as the leader of both states yet each state had a separate parliament
24.	corporation	company which is owned by a number of individuals, all who have purchased stock
25.	emigration	to leave a country in order to reside in another
26.	immigration	enter a new country in order to set up residence
27.	imperialism	movement to dominate non-industrialized regions of the world in order to gain raw resources and have a ready market for manufacturing goods
28.	Kaiser	emperor of Germany
29.	Muslim League	political organization of India and Pakistan, founded in 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III
30.	Opium War	wars fought between China and Britain over the British trade in opium
31.	Proletariat	urban working poor
32.	protectorate	relation of a strong state toward a weaker state or territory that it protects and partly controls
33.	Roosevelt Corollary	declaration made by President Theodore Roosevelt in December 1904 authorizing the U.S. intervention of neighboring American countries in order to counter threats posed to U.S. security and interests
34.	Russo-Japanese War	war between Russia and japan over control of Chinese territories
35.	Second Reich	second unification of Germany, after firsts Reich, which was the Holy Roman Empire (1871-1918)
36.	Seven Weeks War	war between Prussia & Austria, Bavaria, Hanover, Saxony, and allied German states; resulted in Prussian Victory, also called Austro-Prussian War
37.	Socialism	political and economic philosophy which supports the sharing of wealth
38.	Spanish-American War	1898, between U.S. and Spain; resulted in Spain ceding Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the U.S. and abandoning claims to Cuba
39.	Sphere of Influence	territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation
40.	stock	represents part ownership in a corporation
41.	Suez Canal	man-made waterway which was built to join the Red Sea with the Mediterranean
42.	Third Republic	French government 1870-1940, marked by social stability, industrialization, and establishment of a professional civil service
43.	Meiji Restoration	post Tokugawa Shounate period in which the power of the Shogun was taken away in favor of the Emperor
44.	Taiping Rebellion	most destructive civil war during the Qing dynasty; failed due to internal disagreement
45.	Romanticism	literary movement which stressed following your emotions and heart to determine your actions
46.	The Eastern Question	uncertainty of the fact of the failing Ottoman Empire
47.	Manifest Destiny	idea that it is the natural right of the U. S. to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific
48.	Social Darwinism	philosophy which supported an industrialized nation's right to dominate and abuse if desired another nation which is weaker
49.	Nationalism	love and glorification of one's state
50.	unification of Germany	process in the late 19th century in which the 36 German states were unified under Prussian leadership
51.	Open door policy	demand of the U.S. that China and Japan open their doors to the U.S. for trade
52.	Crimean War	war in which France and Britain fought the Russians over the Russian encroachment into the Ottoman Empire
53.	Sino-Japanese War	war between China and Japan over Korea
54.	Unification of Italy	process in the late 19th century in which Piedmont-Sardinia's chancellor Count Camillo Cavour manipulated and militarily dominated the Italian city-states resulting in one united Italian state
55.	Karl Marx	father of communism
56.	Bismarck	Chancellor of Prussia who through the process of war and diplomatic policy united the German states of the Confederation into one united Germany
57.	Napoleon III	emperor of the 2nd French Empire who was forced to abdicate as a result of the Franco-Prussian War
58.	Kipling	famous English writer, 1865-1936, born in India, wrote the Jungle Book
59.	Boers	Dutch colonists or descendants of Dutch colonists
60.	Zulu	member of the Bantu people of southeast Africa, primarily inhabiting northeast Natal province in South Africa
61.	Matthew Perry	U.S. Commodore who persuaded the Chinese and Japanese governments to open their doors to U.S. trade
62.	Theodore Roosevelt	President of the United States, adopted the Roosevelt Corollary
63.	Liliuokalani	Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, when she was deposed by those who sought annexation to the U.S. (1838-1917)
64.	Morse	American artist, later invented the Morse code (1791-1872)
65.	Fulton	built and sailed steam-engine powered Clermont, and another dozen similar steamships (1765-1815)
66.	Robert Owen	wrote A New View of Society, established several utopian communities, welsh manufacturer, set up innovative social and industrial welfare programs, including housing and schools for young children
67.	Robert Dale Owen	U.S. social reformer, Representative in the U.S. House of Representatives, introduced a bill establishing the Smithsonian Institution, U.S. minister to Italy
68.	Friedrich Engels	socialist who worked with Karl Marx on his history of communism
69.	Charles Darwin	English botanist who developed the Theory of Evolution
70.	Wilheim I	first emperor of a United Germany
71.	Sun-yat-Sen	father of Chinese Nationalism