Years Between the Wars

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1. Peter the Great Russian czar of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries who tried to transform Russia from a backward nation into a progressive one by introducing customs and ideas from western European countries
2. Catherine the Great empress of Russia in the late eighteenth century who encouraged the cultural influences of western Europe in Russia and extended Russian territory toward the Black Sea
3. serfs person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another
4. autocracy government in which one person has uncontrolled or unlimited authority over others
5. Nicholas I czar of Russia who suppressed the Decembrist movement and led Russia into the Crimean War
6. Alexander II czar of Russia who emancipated the serfs in 1861
7. social democrats member of any certain Social Democratic parties
8. Karl Marx German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary; wrote The Communist Manifesto with help & support of Friedrich Engels
9. Lenin Russian founder of the Bolsheviks, leader of the Russian Revolution (1917); first head of USSR
10. Bolsheviks member of the Russian Communist party (after 1918)
11. Bloody Sunday 1905, Russian guards fired on an unarmed crowd or protesting citizens killing hundreds
12. duma council or official assembly
13. Rasputin Siberian peasant monk who was very influential at the court of Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra
14. Peace, Land, and Bread battle cry of the 1917 October Revolution that would change the history of Russia and affect the entire world
15. Red Guard member of a Chinese Communist youth movement in the late 1960s, committed to the militant support of Mao Zedong
16. White Army military arm of the White movement, loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War
17. Nationalist Party political party of the Republic of China (ROC); commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s
18. Trotsky Russian revolutionary and writer
19. U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
20. Stalin Soviet political leader; secretary general of the Communist party
21. 5 Year Plan series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union
22. Command Economy economy that is planned and controlled by a central administration, as in the former Soviet Union
23. totalitarianism absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution
24. Mohandas Gandhi preeminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement
25. civil disobedience refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy
26. non-violence absence or lack of violence; state or condition of avoiding violence
27. Chiang Kai-Shek a political and military leader of 20th century China
28. Mao Tse-Tung Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 until his death 1976
29. Red Army Soviet government's revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922; grew into the national army of the USSR
30. Long March massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party, forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army
31. Isolationism policy/doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances; seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement
32. Albert Einstein theoretical physicist; many contributions to physics include special and general theories of relativity; founding of relativistic cosmology, first post-Newtonian expansion
33. Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalytic school of psychology
34. Franz Kafka major fiction writer of the 20th century
35. Wall Street street in Lower Manhattan; first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange
36. Great Depression severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II
37. New Deal package of economic programs President Roosevelt effected between 1933 and 1935; the 3 R's goals: Relief to unemployed and hurt farms, Reform of business and financial practices, Recovery of economy during the Great Depression
38. Franklin D. Roosevelt won his firsts of 4 presidential elections in 1932; combination of optimism and economic activism credited with keeping the country's economic crisis from devolving into political crisis; led U.S. through most of WWII
39. fascism governmental system led by a dictator having complete power
40. nazism principles or methods of the Nazis
41. anti-semitism discrimination towards Jews
42. concentration camps imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial
43. Mussolini Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party; credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism
44. Adolf Hitler leader of the Nazis
45. Nuremberg Laws anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany; introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg