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1. | Peter the Great | Russian czar of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries who tried to transform Russia from a backward nation into a progressive one by introducing customs and ideas from western European countries |
2. | Catherine the Great | empress of Russia in the late eighteenth century who encouraged the cultural influences of western Europe in Russia and extended Russian territory toward the Black Sea |
3. | serfs | person in a condition of servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another |
4. | autocracy | government in which one person has uncontrolled or unlimited authority over others |
5. | Nicholas I | czar of Russia who suppressed the Decembrist movement and led Russia into the Crimean War |
6. | Alexander II | czar of Russia who emancipated the serfs in 1861 |
7. | social democrats | member of any certain Social Democratic parties |
8. | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary; wrote The Communist Manifesto with help & support of Friedrich Engels |
9. | Lenin | Russian founder of the Bolsheviks, leader of the Russian Revolution (1917); first head of USSR |
10. | Bolsheviks | member of the Russian Communist party (after 1918) |
11. | Bloody Sunday | 1905, Russian guards fired on an unarmed crowd or protesting citizens killing hundreds |
12. | duma | council or official assembly |
13. | Rasputin | Siberian peasant monk who was very influential at the court of Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra |
14. | Peace, Land, and Bread | battle cry of the 1917 October Revolution that would change the history of Russia and affect the entire world |
15. | Red Guard | member of a Chinese Communist youth movement in the late 1960s, committed to the militant support of Mao Zedong |
16. | White Army | military arm of the White movement, loose coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces in the Russian Civil War |
17. | Nationalist Party | political party of the Republic of China (ROC); commonly known as Taiwan since the 1970s |
18. | Trotsky | Russian revolutionary and writer |
19. | U.S.S.R. | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
20. | Stalin | Soviet political leader; secretary general of the Communist party |
21. | 5 Year Plan | series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union |
22. | Command Economy | economy that is planned and controlled by a central administration, as in the former Soviet Union |
23. | totalitarianism | absolute control by the state or a governing branch of a highly centralized institution |
24. | Mohandas Gandhi | preeminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement |
25. | civil disobedience | refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy |
26. | non-violence | absence or lack of violence; state or condition of avoiding violence |
27. | Chiang Kai-Shek | a political and military leader of 20th century China |
28. | Mao Tse-Tung | Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 1949 until his death 1976 |
29. | Red Army | Soviet government's revolutionary militia beginning in the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922; grew into the national army of the USSR |
30. | Long March | massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party, forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army |
31. | Isolationism | policy/doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances; seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement |
32. | Albert Einstein | theoretical physicist; many contributions to physics include special and general theories of relativity; founding of relativistic cosmology, first post-Newtonian expansion |
33. | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalytic school of psychology |
34. | Franz Kafka | major fiction writer of the 20th century |
35. | Wall Street | street in Lower Manhattan; first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange |
36. | Great Depression | severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II |
37. | New Deal | package of economic programs President Roosevelt effected between 1933 and 1935; the 3 R's goals: Relief to unemployed and hurt farms, Reform of business and financial practices, Recovery of economy during the Great Depression |
38. | Franklin D. Roosevelt | won his firsts of 4 presidential elections in 1932; combination of optimism and economic activism credited with keeping the country's economic crisis from devolving into political crisis; led U.S. through most of WWII |
39. | fascism | governmental system led by a dictator having complete power |
40. | nazism | principles or methods of the Nazis |
41. | anti-semitism | discrimination towards Jews |
42. | concentration camps | imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial |
43. | Mussolini | Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party; credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism |
44. | Adolf Hitler | leader of the Nazis |
45. | Nuremberg Laws | anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany; introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg |